Comprehensive Legal Definitions Glossary
Find clear explanations of key legal terms across all major practice areas.
A
- A WillA will is a legally binding document that outlines an individual's wishes for the distribution of their assets after death.
- ADA Compliancedherence to the requirements set forth in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) regarding accessibility and non-discrimination.
- Adversary ProceedingA separate lawsuit filed within a bankruptcy case to resolve specific disputes or recover money or property.
- Aggravated DamagesAdditional compensation awarded in civil cases for egregious conduct by the defendant intended to punish and deter similar behavior beyond ordinary compensatory damages.
- AlienA foreign-born individual who is not a citizen of the country they reside in.
- AlimonyA court-ordered financial support paid by one spouse to the other after divorce or legal separation.
- Alternative Dispute ResolutionMethods for resolving disputes outside of traditional courtroom litigation, such as mediation and arbitration.
- AnnulmentAn annulment is a legal decree that retroactively declares a marriage invalid or null and void.
- Antitrust LawsFederal and state regulations designed to promote fair competition, prevent monopolies, and protect consumers by prohibiting anticompetitive business practices and mergers that reduce market competition
- Apportionment of liabilityThe legal process of allocating responsibility for damages among multiple parties involved in a civil case is based on their degrees of fault or respective contribution.
- ArbitrationA private dispute resolution process where parties agree to be bound by a third party's decision.
- ArraignmentArraignment is the initial court appearance where criminal charges are formally read to the defendant, who then enters a plea.
- Assumption of RiskA legal defense in negligence cases where the defendant argues that the plaintiff knowingly and voluntarily accepted the risks associated with the activity.
- Attractive Nuisance DoctrineA legal principle holds property owners liable for children's injuries caused by hazardous conditions on their property that are likely to attract curious minors.
- Automatic StayAn injunction that automatically stops creditors from pursuing collection actions against the debtor once the bankruptcy petition is filed.
B
- BailMoney or bond paid to allow temporary release from custody, ensuring defendant's future court appearances.
- Bait and switchBait and switch is a deceptive marketing tactic advertising low prices to lure customers, but promoting higher-priced goods instead.
- BankruptcyBankruptcy is a legal process for dealing with overwhelming debt and seeking relief.
- Bankruptcy CodeThe uniform federal law governing bankruptcy cases in the United States is codified as Title 11 of the United States Code.
- Bankruptcy-EstateThe legal entity created upon the filing of a bankruptcy case, consisting of all the debtor's non-exempt assets and interests.
- Bankruptcy-petitionIn bankruptcy, a petition is the legal document filed by a debtor to initiate bankruptcy proceedings.
- BeneficiaryThe person or entity designated to receive benefits or proceeds from an insurance policy.
- Breach of ContractA breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill its obligations under a legally binding agreement.
- Breach of DutyA failure to meet the required standard of care, violating the legal duty owed.
C
- Chapter 11A form of bankruptcy that allows businesses to reorganize their debts and assets while continuing to operate.
- Chapter 13A type of bankruptcy that allows individuals with regular income to restructure their debts through a repayment plan also called wage earner's plan.
- Chapter 7A type of bankruptcy that provides for the liquidation of non-exempt assets to pay creditors and discharge eligible debts.
- Child CustodyChild custody refers to the legal determination of parental rights and responsibilities regarding the care and upbringing of minor children.
- Civil LibertiesFundamental individual rights and freedoms guaranteed by law and the Constitution against potential government overreach or oppression.
- Civil RightsThe basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals by a nation's constitution and laws.
- ClaimA formal request for payment or benefit under an insurance policy after a covered event occurs.
- Class Action LawsuitA legal procedure allowing a large group of plaintiffs with similar claims to sue a defendant collectively streamlines the judicial process and increases efficiency.
- Collateral Source RuleA rule that prevents the consideration of payments or benefits received from third parties when determining damages in a personal injury case.
- Comparative NegligenceLegal doctrine that assigns fault and reduces compensation based on the plaintiff's degree of responsibility for their own injury.
- CompensationFinancial reimbursement awarded to an injured party to cover losses resulting from an accident or injury, including medical expenses, lost wages, and pain and suffering.
- ComplaintThe legal document filed by the plaintiff that initiates a lawsuit and outlines the claims and requested relief.
- Constructive DischargeWhen an employer makes working conditions so intolerable that a reasonable employee is forced to resign.
- ConsumerAn individual or household that acquires goods and services, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, rather than for commercial resale
- Consumer ProtectionThe laws, regulations, and practices designed to safeguard the rights and interests of consumers, prevent deceptive or abusive business practices, and ensure fair trade.
- ContractA legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates mutual obligations to be performed.
- Contributory NegligenceA legal principle bars plaintiffs from recovering damages if they are partially responsible for the injury or harm they suffered in injury, regardless of the defendant's degree of fault in the incident.
- Cooling-Off PeriodA legally mandated time frame during which a consumer has the right to cancel a purchase or contract without penalty.
- CopyrightThe exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute an original literary, artistic, or intellectual work.
- CorporationA legally created business entity with rights and liabilities separate from its owners, having perpetual existence and centralized management.
- CoverageThe specific risks, losses, or events outlined in an insurance policy for which the insurer agrees to provide financial protection or compensation.
- Covered EntitiesOrganizations and individuals required to comply with HIPAA rules for handling protected health information.
- CramdownA court-imposed debt reorganization plan in bankruptcy that allows repayment over time, despite creditors' objections, under specific conditions.
- CreditorAn entity with extended credit or loaned money, possessing a legal claim for repayment from a debtor.
D
- DamagesMonetary compensation awarded to a plaintiff for losses or injuries suffered due to another party's negligence or wrongdoing.
- DebtorA person or entity legally liable and obligated to pay money owed to creditors or lenders.
- DeedA deed is a legal instrument that conveys ownership rights of real property from one party to another.
- DefendantIn a civil lawsuit, the defendant is the party against whom allegations and a claim for relief are made by the plaintiff.
- Disability discriminationUnlawful differential treatment toward individuals based on their physical, mental, or cognitive impairments.
- Disability harassmentHostile or offensive conduct directed at individuals with disabilities, creating a hostile work environment or denying equal access to services.
- Disability RightsLegal protections and advocacy efforts aimed at promoting the rights and dignity of individuals with disabilities.
- DischargeA court order that releases the debtor from personal liability for certain types of debts.
- DiscoveryIn a civil lawsuit, discovery is the pre-trial process where each party can obtain evidence and information from the opposing party.
- DiscriminationThe unjust or prejudicial treatment of different individuals or groups, typically due to characteristics like race, age, gender, disability or religion.
- DiscriminationThe unjust or unequal treatment of an employee based on protected characteristics like race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, or disability.
- Disparate TreatmentIntentional discrimination against one or more individuals based on their protected characteristics.
- DivorceDivorce is the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body.
- Dram Shop LawLegal statutes holding alcohol-serving establishments liable for injuries caused by intoxicated patrons aim to promote responsible serving practices and reduce alcohol-related accidents.
- Duty of CareA legal obligation to exercise reasonable care while performing acts that could foreseeably harm others.
- Duty to WarnA legal obligation requiring manufacturers, sellers, or others to provide adequate warnings about any potential dangers associated with their products or services to consumers or users.
E
- Employment-at-willA doctrine that allows an employer to terminate an employee for any reason, without cause, as long as it's not illegal discrimination or retaliation.
- Equal ProtectionThe constitutional guarantee that all people be treated equally under the law.
- EscrowEscrow is a legal arrangement where a third party holds assets or funds until specific conditions are met by transacting parties.
- EvictionEviction is the legal process of removing a tenant or occupant from a rental property due to violation of the lease terms.
- ExecutorThe person or entity legally appointed by a testator to administer their estate, manage assets, pay debts, and distribute property per their will's instructions.
- Exempt PropertyAssets protected by law from seizure by creditors or from being sold in a bankruptcy proceeding to pay off debts.
- ExemptionsLegal provisions that protect certain assets or income from being seized or used to satisfy debts or liabilities.
F
- Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)A federal law that prohibits debt collectors from using abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices to collect debts.
- False AdvertisingIntentionally making false or misleading statements about a product or service in advertising or marketing materials.
- ForeclosureForeclosure is a legal process where a lender seizes and sells mortgaged property due to borrower's failure to repay the loan.
- Fraudulent TransferThe intentional transfer of assets to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors or to avoid payment of debts.
G
- GarnishmentA legal process by which a creditor can collect payment from a debtor's income or assets held by a third party.
H
- Habeas CorpusA legal instrument that requires law enforcement to bring a prisoner before the court to determine if the person's imprisonment or detention is lawful.
- Healthcare ProxyA legal document appointing someone to make healthcare decisions on a person's behalf if they become incapacitated.
- HIPAAThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, a federal law that sets standards for protecting patient health information privacy and security.
- Hostile Work EnvironmentA workplace where offensive or abusive behavior creates an intimidating, hostile or abusive atmosphere for employees.
- Human rightsFundamental rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion or other status.
I
- immigrantA foreign-born individual who has been granted lawful permanent resident status in a country.
- Informed ConsentPatient's voluntary permission for medical treatment after full disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives.
- InsuredThe individual or entity that purchases insurance coverage and whose interests are protected by the insurance policy.
- InsurerThe insurance company or entity that provides insurance coverage and assumes risk in exchange for premiums.
- Intellectual PropertyCreations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, and names, that are protected by law.
- Intentional TortA civil wrong resulting from a deliberate act by the defendant to cause harm or offense to another person, regardless of the resulting damage.
- IntestateIntestate refers to the condition of dying without a legally valid will in place.
- Intestate successionThe legal process by which a deceased person's estate is distributed to heirs according to state laws when no valid will exists.
- Involuntary-BankruptcyInvoluntary Bankruptcy: A type of bankruptcy case initiated by creditors against a debtor who has failed to pay their debts, without the debtor's consent.
L
- Lawful Permanent ResidentAn immigrant who has been granted the right to live and work permanently in a country (also known as a "green card" holder in the U.S.).
- LawsuitA lawsuit is a legal proceeding initiated by a plaintiff against a defendant in a civil court.
- leaseA lease is a legal contract that conveys the right to use or occupy real property for a specified period in exchange for consideration.
- Lemon LawsA statute that provides remedies for consumers who purchase defective vehicles, typically allowing for a refund or replacement.
- LiabilityThe legal responsibility of any individual or entity for their actions or inactions that may result in an obligation to compensate others for damages or injuries.
- LienA legal claim or right against another person's property, typically to secure payment of a debt or obligation until discharged.
- Limited Liability CompanyA flexible business structure combining liability protection and pass-through taxation while allowing owner management involvement.
- LitigationThe process of resolving disputes through the court system by filing a lawsuit.
- Loss of ConsortiumA legal claim for damages due to deprivation of familial benefits, typically between spouses, including companionship, affection, and sexual relations, caused by wrongful injury.
- Loss of Earning CapacityThe reduction in a person's ability to earn future income due to injury or disability, as compared to their pre-injury earning potential.
M
- MarriageMarriage is a legally recognized union between two individuals, establishing rights and obligations.
- Means TestMeans Test: A financial assessment used to determine eligibility for certain benefits, assistance, or legal processes based on income and assets.
- MediationA voluntary dispute resolution process facilitated by a neutral third party mediator.
- Medical MalpracticeNegligence by a healthcare professional that deviates from accepted standards of medical practice, resulting in injury or harm to a patient.
- Medical MalpracticeProfessional negligence by a healthcare provider through actions or treatment that deviate from accepted standards of practice, resulting in harm to a patient.
- Miranda RightsConstitutional warnings given by law enforcement to criminal suspects in custody before interrogation, informing them of their right to remain silent and to legal counsel.
- mortgageA mortgage is a legal instrument securing a loan with real property as collateral, allowing lender recourse if borrower defaults.
- MotionIn a lawsuit, a motion is a written request made to the court asking for a specific ruling or order.
N
- NaturalizationThe legal process through which an immigrant acquires citizenship or nationality of a foreign country.
- NegligenceThe failure to exercise reasonable care, resulting in damage or injury to another party.
- Non-Exempt PropertyAssets that are not protected by law and can be seized by creditors or sold in bankruptcy to pay off debts.
- NonimmigrantA foreign national admitted to a country for a temporary period and a specific purpose, such as study, work, or travel.
O
- Occupational DiseaseA health condition or illness that develops due to workplace exposure to hazardous substances, environments, or activities over an extended period of time.
P
- Pain and SufferingNon-economic damages in personal injury cases, compensating for physical discomfort, emotional distress, and reduced quality of life resulting from an injury or accident.
- PartnershipA business owned by two or more people who share profits, liabilities, and management responsibilities through a legally formed agreement.
- PatentA legally-enforced right to exclusively make, use, and sell an invention for a limited time.
- Personal InjuryLegal term for physical or psychological harm caused by another's negligence or intentional act, often resulting in a compensation claim.
- PHIProtected Health Information (PHI) is any individually identifiable health data protected by HIPAA privacy standards.
- PlaintiffThe party who commences a civil lawsuit by filing a legal claim against another party (the defendant).
- PolicyThe written contract between the insured and the insurance company that outlines the terms, conditions, and coverages of the insurance agreement.
- PreferenceA payment or transfer of interest to a creditor shortly before the bankruptcy filing that can be undone by the trustee if it favors one creditor over others.
- Premises liabilityLegal responsibility of property owners or occupiers for injuries or damages suffered by individuals on their property due to unsafe conditions or negligent maintenance
- PremiumThe amount paid by an insured to an insurance company for coverage under a policy.
- Priority ClaimA debt, under bankruptcy law, must be paid before other unsecured claims in a bankruptcy proceeding due to its elevated status.
- ProbateA comprehensive court-supervised legal process of authenticating a deceased person's will, appointing an estate administrator, settling debts and taxes, and distributing remaining assets.
- Product LiabilityLegal responsibility of any manufacturer, distributor, and seller for damamges or injuries resulted by a defective or dangerous products they produce, distribute, or sell.
- Proof of ClaimA formal, written statement submitted by a creditor to assert their right to payment in a bankruptcy case.
- Proximate CauseThe primary or most direct cause of an injury in a legal claim, which is sufficiently related to the harm to justify imposing liability.
- Public DomainWorks that are not protected by intellectual property rights and are freely available for public use.
- Punitive DamagesFinancial penalties awarded in addition to compensatory damages are designed to punish defendants for any egregious conduct and deter similar behavior in the future.
R
- Reaffirmation AgreementA legally binding contract in which a debtor agrees to remain liable for a debt after bankruptcy discharge.
- Real estateReal estate refers to the legal ownership and rights associated with landed properties, including residential, commercial, industrial, and other types of real estate.
- Reasonable accommodationModification or adjustment made by an employer, educational institution, or public entity to enable individuals with disabilities to perform essential job functions or access services.
- Reasonable doubtLack of sufficient evidence preventing conviction of a defendant, meaning proof fails to overcome reasonable doubt
- RefugeeAn individual who has been forced to flee their home country due to persecution, war, or violence.
- Res Ipsa LoquiturA legal doctrine allows negligence to be inferred from the very nature of an accident or injury without direct evidence of negligence.
- RoyaltyA payment made to an intellectual property owner for the use or exploitation of their intellectual property rights.
S
- Secured CreditorA lender who holds a claim against a debtor's property as collateral for a loan, granting them special rights in bankruptcy.
- Secured DebtA debt backed by collateral, giving the creditor the right to seize the asset if the borrower defaults on payments.
- ShareholdersOwners of a corporation who have purchased shares representing equity stake and are entitled to certain rights and claims on assets/profits.
- Sole custodySole custody is a child custody arrangement where one parent has full legal and physical custody of the child.
- Standard of CareThe level of care and skill that a reasonably competent healthcare provider would exercise in similar circumstances.
- Statute of LimitationsA law that sets the maximum time period after an event during which legal proceedings must be initiated.
- SubrogationThe legal right of an insurer to recover claim-related costs from the party at fault after compensating their policyholder for a covered loss or injury.
T
- TestamentA testament is a will or other instrument that disposes of one's possessions after death.
- TestatorA testator is a person who makes and executes a valid will.
- TitleTitle denotes the legal evidence and documentation that establishes an individual's or entity's legitimate ownership rights and claims over a specific real property asset.
- Toxic TortA legal claim for harm caused by an exposure to dangerous substance, often involving complex scientific evidence and affecting multiple individuals over extended periods.
- Trade SecretConfidential business information providing a competitive advantage, protected by law from unauthorized disclosure or use by others, given reasonable efforts to maintain secrecy.
- TrademarkA legally registered symbol, word, phrase, or design that distinguishes a company's goods or services, protecting the brand identity in the marketplace.
- TrusteeA person or entity appointed to manage assets or property for the benefit of another party or beneficiary.
U
- Unsecured DebtA financial obligation not backed by collateral, where the lender relies solely on the borrower's promise to repay.
V
- Voluntary-BankruptcyA type of bankruptcy case initiated by the debtor themselves, where they choose to file a petition with the court.
W
- Work-Related InjuryAn injury or illness arising from and during employment entitles the employee to workers' compensation benefits regardless of fault.
- Workers’ CompensationA state-mandated insurance system provides medical benefits and wage replacement to employees injured during employment, regardless of fault.
- Wrongful deathA civil action against a party whose negligence or intentional act caused another person's death, allowing surviving family members to seek compensation for their loss.
- Wrongful TerminationAn unlawful firing of an employee in contravention of employment laws, contractual obligations or public policies.
- Aggravated DamagesAdditional compensation awarded in civil cases for egregious conduct by the defendant intended to punish and deter similar behavior beyond ordinary compensatory damages.
- Apportionment of liabilityThe legal process of allocating responsibility for damages among multiple parties involved in a civil case is based on their degrees of fault or respective contribution.
- Assumption of RiskA legal defense in negligence cases where the defendant argues that the plaintiff knowingly and voluntarily accepted the risks associated with the activity.
- Attractive Nuisance DoctrineA legal principle holds property owners liable for children's injuries caused by hazardous conditions on their property that are likely to attract curious minors.
- Breach of DutyA failure to meet the required standard of care, violating the legal duty owed.
- Class Action LawsuitA legal procedure allowing a large group of plaintiffs with similar claims to sue a defendant collectively streamlines the judicial process and increases efficiency.
- Collateral Source RuleA rule that prevents the consideration of payments or benefits received from third parties when determining damages in a personal injury case.
- Comparative NegligenceLegal doctrine that assigns fault and reduces compensation based on the plaintiff's degree of responsibility for their own injury.
- CompensationFinancial reimbursement awarded to an injured party to cover losses resulting from an accident or injury, including medical expenses, lost wages, and pain and suffering.
- Contributory NegligenceA legal principle bars plaintiffs from recovering damages if they are partially responsible for the injury or harm they suffered in injury, regardless of the defendant's degree of fault in the incident.
- DamagesMonetary compensation awarded to a plaintiff for losses or injuries suffered due to another party's negligence or wrongdoing.
- Dram Shop LawLegal statutes holding alcohol-serving establishments liable for injuries caused by intoxicated patrons aim to promote responsible serving practices and reduce alcohol-related accidents.
- Duty of CareA legal obligation to exercise reasonable care while performing acts that could foreseeably harm others.
- Duty to WarnA legal obligation requiring manufacturers, sellers, or others to provide adequate warnings about any potential dangers associated with their products or services to consumers or users.
- Informed ConsentPatient's voluntary permission for medical treatment after full disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives.
- Intentional TortA civil wrong resulting from a deliberate act by the defendant to cause harm or offense to another person, regardless of the resulting damage.
- LiabilityThe legal responsibility of any individual or entity for their actions or inactions that may result in an obligation to compensate others for damages or injuries.
- Loss of ConsortiumA legal claim for damages due to deprivation of familial benefits, typically between spouses, including companionship, affection, and sexual relations, caused by wrongful injury.
- Loss of Earning CapacityThe reduction in a person's ability to earn future income due to injury or disability, as compared to their pre-injury earning potential.
- Medical MalpracticeNegligence by a healthcare professional that deviates from accepted standards of medical practice, resulting in injury or harm to a patient.
- NegligenceThe failure to exercise reasonable care, resulting in damage or injury to another party.
- Occupational DiseaseA health condition or illness that develops due to workplace exposure to hazardous substances, environments, or activities over an extended period of time.
- Pain and SufferingNon-economic damages in personal injury cases, compensating for physical discomfort, emotional distress, and reduced quality of life resulting from an injury or accident.
- Personal InjuryLegal term for physical or psychological harm caused by another's negligence or intentional act, often resulting in a compensation claim.
- Premises liabilityLegal responsibility of property owners or occupiers for injuries or damages suffered by individuals on their property due to unsafe conditions or negligent maintenance
- Product LiabilityLegal responsibility of any manufacturer, distributor, and seller for damamges or injuries resulted by a defective or dangerous products they produce, distribute, or sell.
- Proximate CauseThe primary or most direct cause of an injury in a legal claim, which is sufficiently related to the harm to justify imposing liability.
- Punitive DamagesFinancial penalties awarded in addition to compensatory damages are designed to punish defendants for any egregious conduct and deter similar behavior in the future.
- Res Ipsa LoquiturA legal doctrine allows negligence to be inferred from the very nature of an accident or injury without direct evidence of negligence.
- SubrogationThe legal right of an insurer to recover claim-related costs from the party at fault after compensating their policyholder for a covered loss or injury.
- Toxic TortA legal claim for harm caused by an exposure to dangerous substance, often involving complex scientific evidence and affecting multiple individuals over extended periods.
- Work-Related InjuryAn injury or illness arising from and during employment entitles the employee to workers' compensation benefits regardless of fault.
- Workers’ CompensationA state-mandated insurance system provides medical benefits and wage replacement to employees injured during employment, regardless of fault.
- Wrongful deathA civil action against a party whose negligence or intentional act caused another person's death, allowing surviving family members to seek compensation for their loss.
- Adversary ProceedingA separate lawsuit filed within a bankruptcy case to resolve specific disputes or recover money or property.
- Automatic StayAn injunction that automatically stops creditors from pursuing collection actions against the debtor once the bankruptcy petition is filed.
- BankruptcyBankruptcy is a legal process for dealing with overwhelming debt and seeking relief.
- Bankruptcy CodeThe uniform federal law governing bankruptcy cases in the United States is codified as Title 11 of the United States Code.
- Bankruptcy-EstateThe legal entity created upon the filing of a bankruptcy case, consisting of all the debtor's non-exempt assets and interests.
- Bankruptcy-petitionIn bankruptcy, a petition is the legal document filed by a debtor to initiate bankruptcy proceedings.
- Chapter 11A form of bankruptcy that allows businesses to reorganize their debts and assets while continuing to operate.
- Chapter 13A type of bankruptcy that allows individuals with regular income to restructure their debts through a repayment plan also called wage earner's plan.
- Chapter 7A type of bankruptcy that provides for the liquidation of non-exempt assets to pay creditors and discharge eligible debts.
- CramdownA court-imposed debt reorganization plan in bankruptcy that allows repayment over time, despite creditors' objections, under specific conditions.
- CreditorAn entity with extended credit or loaned money, possessing a legal claim for repayment from a debtor.
- DebtorA person or entity legally liable and obligated to pay money owed to creditors or lenders.
- DischargeA court order that releases the debtor from personal liability for certain types of debts.
- Exempt PropertyAssets protected by law from seizure by creditors or from being sold in a bankruptcy proceeding to pay off debts.
- ExemptionsLegal provisions that protect certain assets or income from being seized or used to satisfy debts or liabilities.
- Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)A federal law that prohibits debt collectors from using abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices to collect debts.
- Fraudulent TransferThe intentional transfer of assets to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors or to avoid payment of debts.
- GarnishmentA legal process by which a creditor can collect payment from a debtor's income or assets held by a third party.
- Involuntary-BankruptcyInvoluntary Bankruptcy: A type of bankruptcy case initiated by creditors against a debtor who has failed to pay their debts, without the debtor's consent.
- LienA legal claim or right against another person's property, typically to secure payment of a debt or obligation until discharged.
- Means TestMeans Test: A financial assessment used to determine eligibility for certain benefits, assistance, or legal processes based on income and assets.
- Non-Exempt PropertyAssets that are not protected by law and can be seized by creditors or sold in bankruptcy to pay off debts.
- PreferenceA payment or transfer of interest to a creditor shortly before the bankruptcy filing that can be undone by the trustee if it favors one creditor over others.
- Priority ClaimA debt, under bankruptcy law, must be paid before other unsecured claims in a bankruptcy proceeding due to its elevated status.
- Proof of ClaimA formal, written statement submitted by a creditor to assert their right to payment in a bankruptcy case.
- Reaffirmation AgreementA legally binding contract in which a debtor agrees to remain liable for a debt after bankruptcy discharge.
- Secured CreditorA lender who holds a claim against a debtor's property as collateral for a loan, granting them special rights in bankruptcy.
- Secured DebtA debt backed by collateral, giving the creditor the right to seize the asset if the borrower defaults on payments.
- TrusteeA person or entity appointed to manage assets or property for the benefit of another party or beneficiary.
- Unsecured DebtA financial obligation not backed by collateral, where the lender relies solely on the borrower's promise to repay.
- Voluntary-BankruptcyA type of bankruptcy case initiated by the debtor themselves, where they choose to file a petition with the court.
- Alternative Dispute ResolutionMethods for resolving disputes outside of traditional courtroom litigation, such as mediation and arbitration.
- Antitrust LawsFederal and state regulations designed to promote fair competition, prevent monopolies, and protect consumers by prohibiting anticompetitive business practices and mergers that reduce market competition
- ArbitrationA private dispute resolution process where parties agree to be bound by a third party's decision.
- Breach of ContractA breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill its obligations under a legally binding agreement.
- ContractA legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates mutual obligations to be performed.
- CopyrightThe exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute an original literary, artistic, or intellectual work.
- CorporationA legally created business entity with rights and liabilities separate from its owners, having perpetual existence and centralized management.
- Limited Liability CompanyA flexible business structure combining liability protection and pass-through taxation while allowing owner management involvement.
- MediationA voluntary dispute resolution process facilitated by a neutral third party mediator.
- PartnershipA business owned by two or more people who share profits, liabilities, and management responsibilities through a legally formed agreement.
- ShareholdersOwners of a corporation who have purchased shares representing equity stake and are entitled to certain rights and claims on assets/profits.
- Trade SecretConfidential business information providing a competitive advantage, protected by law from unauthorized disclosure or use by others, given reasonable efforts to maintain secrecy.
- Civil LibertiesFundamental individual rights and freedoms guaranteed by law and the Constitution against potential government overreach or oppression.
- Civil RightsThe basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals by a nation's constitution and laws.
- DiscriminationThe unjust or prejudicial treatment of different individuals or groups, typically due to characteristics like race, age, gender, disability or religion.
- Equal ProtectionThe constitutional guarantee that all people be treated equally under the law.
- Habeas CorpusA legal instrument that requires law enforcement to bring a prisoner before the court to determine if the person's imprisonment or detention is lawful.
- Human rightsFundamental rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion or other status.
- Miranda RightsConstitutional warnings given by law enforcement to criminal suspects in custody before interrogation, informing them of their right to remain silent and to legal counsel.
- Bait and switchBait and switch is a deceptive marketing tactic advertising low prices to lure customers, but promoting higher-priced goods instead.
- ConsumerAn individual or household that acquires goods and services, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, rather than for commercial resale
- Consumer ProtectionThe laws, regulations, and practices designed to safeguard the rights and interests of consumers, prevent deceptive or abusive business practices, and ensure fair trade.
- Cooling-Off PeriodA legally mandated time frame during which a consumer has the right to cancel a purchase or contract without penalty.
- False AdvertisingIntentionally making false or misleading statements about a product or service in advertising or marketing materials.
- Lemon LawsA statute that provides remedies for consumers who purchase defective vehicles, typically allowing for a refund or replacement.
- ArraignmentArraignment is the initial court appearance where criminal charges are formally read to the defendant, who then enters a plea.
- BailMoney or bond paid to allow temporary release from custody, ensuring defendant's future court appearances.
- Reasonable doubtLack of sufficient evidence preventing conviction of a defendant, meaning proof fails to overcome reasonable doubt
- ADA Compliancedherence to the requirements set forth in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) regarding accessibility and non-discrimination.
- Disability discriminationUnlawful differential treatment toward individuals based on their physical, mental, or cognitive impairments.
- Disability harassmentHostile or offensive conduct directed at individuals with disabilities, creating a hostile work environment or denying equal access to services.
- Disability RightsLegal protections and advocacy efforts aimed at promoting the rights and dignity of individuals with disabilities.
- Reasonable accommodationModification or adjustment made by an employer, educational institution, or public entity to enable individuals with disabilities to perform essential job functions or access services.
- AlimonyA court-ordered financial support paid by one spouse to the other after divorce or legal separation.
- AnnulmentAn annulment is a legal decree that retroactively declares a marriage invalid or null and void.
- Child CustodyChild custody refers to the legal determination of parental rights and responsibilities regarding the care and upbringing of minor children.
- DivorceDivorce is the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body.
- MarriageMarriage is a legally recognized union between two individuals, establishing rights and obligations.
- Sole custodySole custody is a child custody arrangement where one parent has full legal and physical custody of the child.
- Constructive DischargeWhen an employer makes working conditions so intolerable that a reasonable employee is forced to resign.
- DiscriminationThe unjust or unequal treatment of an employee based on protected characteristics like race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, or disability.
- Disparate TreatmentIntentional discrimination against one or more individuals based on their protected characteristics.
- Employment-at-willA doctrine that allows an employer to terminate an employee for any reason, without cause, as long as it's not illegal discrimination or retaliation.
- Hostile Work EnvironmentA workplace where offensive or abusive behavior creates an intimidating, hostile or abusive atmosphere for employees.
- Wrongful TerminationAn unlawful firing of an employee in contravention of employment laws, contractual obligations or public policies.
- A WillA will is a legally binding document that outlines an individual's wishes for the distribution of their assets after death.
- ExecutorThe person or entity legally appointed by a testator to administer their estate, manage assets, pay debts, and distribute property per their will's instructions.
- IntestateIntestate refers to the condition of dying without a legally valid will in place.
- Intestate successionThe legal process by which a deceased person's estate is distributed to heirs according to state laws when no valid will exists.
- ProbateA comprehensive court-supervised legal process of authenticating a deceased person's will, appointing an estate administrator, settling debts and taxes, and distributing remaining assets.
- TestamentA testament is a will or other instrument that disposes of one's possessions after death.
- TestatorA testator is a person who makes and executes a valid will.
- EscrowEscrow is a legal arrangement where a third party holds assets or funds until specific conditions are met by transacting parties.
- LitigationThe process of resolving disputes through the court system by filing a lawsuit.
- Statute of LimitationsA law that sets the maximum time period after an event during which legal proceedings must be initiated.
- Covered EntitiesOrganizations and individuals required to comply with HIPAA rules for handling protected health information.
- Healthcare ProxyA legal document appointing someone to make healthcare decisions on a person's behalf if they become incapacitated.
- HIPAAThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, a federal law that sets standards for protecting patient health information privacy and security.
- Informed ConsentPatient's voluntary permission for medical treatment after full disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives.
- Medical MalpracticeProfessional negligence by a healthcare provider through actions or treatment that deviate from accepted standards of practice, resulting in harm to a patient.
- PHIProtected Health Information (PHI) is any individually identifiable health data protected by HIPAA privacy standards.
- Standard of CareThe level of care and skill that a reasonably competent healthcare provider would exercise in similar circumstances.
- AlienA foreign-born individual who is not a citizen of the country they reside in.
- immigrantA foreign-born individual who has been granted lawful permanent resident status in a country.
- Lawful Permanent ResidentAn immigrant who has been granted the right to live and work permanently in a country (also known as a "green card" holder in the U.S.).
- NaturalizationThe legal process through which an immigrant acquires citizenship or nationality of a foreign country.
- NonimmigrantA foreign national admitted to a country for a temporary period and a specific purpose, such as study, work, or travel.
- RefugeeAn individual who has been forced to flee their home country due to persecution, war, or violence.
- BeneficiaryThe person or entity designated to receive benefits or proceeds from an insurance policy.
- ClaimA formal request for payment or benefit under an insurance policy after a covered event occurs.
- CoverageThe specific risks, losses, or events outlined in an insurance policy for which the insurer agrees to provide financial protection or compensation.
- InsuredThe individual or entity that purchases insurance coverage and whose interests are protected by the insurance policy.
- InsurerThe insurance company or entity that provides insurance coverage and assumes risk in exchange for premiums.
- PolicyThe written contract between the insured and the insurance company that outlines the terms, conditions, and coverages of the insurance agreement.
- PremiumThe amount paid by an insured to an insurance company for coverage under a policy.
- CopyrightThe exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute an original literary, artistic, or intellectual work.
- Intellectual PropertyCreations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, and names, that are protected by law.
- PatentA legally-enforced right to exclusively make, use, and sell an invention for a limited time.
- Public DomainWorks that are not protected by intellectual property rights and are freely available for public use.
- RoyaltyA payment made to an intellectual property owner for the use or exploitation of their intellectual property rights.
- Trade SecretConfidential business information providing a competitive advantage, protected by law from unauthorized disclosure or use by others, given reasonable efforts to maintain secrecy.
- TrademarkA legally registered symbol, word, phrase, or design that distinguishes a company's goods or services, protecting the brand identity in the marketplace.
- ComplaintThe legal document filed by the plaintiff that initiates a lawsuit and outlines the claims and requested relief.
- DefendantIn a civil lawsuit, the defendant is the party against whom allegations and a claim for relief are made by the plaintiff.
- DiscoveryIn a civil lawsuit, discovery is the pre-trial process where each party can obtain evidence and information from the opposing party.
- LawsuitA lawsuit is a legal proceeding initiated by a plaintiff against a defendant in a civil court.
- MotionIn a lawsuit, a motion is a written request made to the court asking for a specific ruling or order.
- PlaintiffThe party who commences a civil lawsuit by filing a legal claim against another party (the defendant).
- DeedA deed is a legal instrument that conveys ownership rights of real property from one party to another.
- EvictionEviction is the legal process of removing a tenant or occupant from a rental property due to violation of the lease terms.
- ForeclosureForeclosure is a legal process where a lender seizes and sells mortgaged property due to borrower's failure to repay the loan.
- leaseA lease is a legal contract that conveys the right to use or occupy real property for a specified period in exchange for consideration.
- mortgageA mortgage is a legal instrument securing a loan with real property as collateral, allowing lender recourse if borrower defaults.
- Real estateReal estate refers to the legal ownership and rights associated with landed properties, including residential, commercial, industrial, and other types of real estate.
- TitleTitle denotes the legal evidence and documentation that establishes an individual's or entity's legitimate ownership rights and claims over a specific real property asset.